Remembering the Jewish Partisans in Poland's Lublin District
[Dubno, Ukraine] * [Belzec Death Camp] [Sobibor Death Camp] * [Majdanek Concentration Camp] [Jewish Revolts and Uprisings in the Lublin District] SITE INDEX: Click the link to be taken to each section. 1. Introduction 2. Groups form Northwest of Lublin 3. Groups form Northeast of Lublin 4. Groups form Southwest of Lublin 5. Groups form Southeast of Lublin 6. Groups form East of Lublin 7. Names of Blaichman-Gruber Partisans (with photos) 8. Names of Grynszpan-Lichtenberg Partisans (with photos) 9. Names of Soviet Partisans from Lublin area (with photos) 10. Names of Armia Ludowa Partisans from Lublin area 11. Names of Warsaw Partisans Who Fought in Hrubieszow (with photos) 12. Names of Bron-Bychawa-Krasnik-Janow Partisans (with photos) 13. Names of Radzyn Podlaski Partisans 14. Names of Miscellaneous Partisans (with photos) 15. Links and Additional Sources Prior to the German occupation, more than 80,000 Jews lived in the five southern counties of the Lublin district: Janow Lubelski, Bilgoraj, Krasnystaw, Zamosc and Hrubieszow. These areas were ideal for partisan activities because the main railroads the Germans were using were north or south of the area and the area was hilly with several deep forests. An additional 250,000 Jews lived in the other portions of the Lublin district, while many Jews were imported to the Lublin district between 1939 and 1943 from Germany, Czechoslovakia, Austria, the Netherlands, and elsewhere during the Holocaust. During the initial deportations of Jews from the Lublin district to Belzec, largely between April and September of 1942, Jews in small towns of southern Lublin showed persistent resistance -- according to the scholar Shmuel Krakowski, "perhaps greater resistance than in most other areas of Poland." The total number of those who fled from the five counties in southern Lublin reached 20,000 -- greater than in any other part of occupied Poland. Sadly, the majority of the fugitives were caught and killed in the first German hunts for escaped Jews. The most successful Jewish partisan groups in the Lublin district were as follows: Chil Grynszpan's group in the Parczew forests; Frank Blaichman's group of youthful disobedients who refused to be confined to the ghetto of Kamionka near Lubartow; Shmuel Gruber's group of escaped prisoners of war from Lublin; the Knopfmacher group which escaped from the Wlodawa Ghetto and Adampol Labor Camp; and the Adolf Bron group in the western part of the Lublin district in the area around the Janow Lubelski forests. Sobibor camp escapees eventually joined each of these groups after the Sobibor Uprising in October of 1943. The groups listed here consisted of solely Jewish members, with only a few exceptions for pro-Jewish Russian fighters, but had mostly helpful cooperation from the Armia Ludowa. Amcha ("your people") was the "code" that the Maccabees had used when they fought the Syrians in the 2nd Century BCE. Jewish partisans in the forests of Lublin used this same password to identify other Jews in the area. In fighting as partisans, their number one goal was to save Jewish lives. Women with small children and the elderly found refuge because of the men and women listed below. Several of the "family camps" grew to hundreds of people, most especially the camp called Tabor operated by Grynszpan's 2nd Holod Battalion and the camp called Ohozhe operated by the Lichtenberg group. As is evidenced from almost every testimony I have read to compile the research herein, both the Narodowe Sily Zbrojne (NSZ) -- which had around 75,000 Polish fighters -- and the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) -- which had around 270,000 fighters -- consisted of many vicious anti-Semites. The groups were very active in the Lublin district. Therefore not only did the partisan groups have to withstand the Nazis and anti-Jewish Polish fighters from these two armed groups, but also the combination of Polish military men and Polish farmers intent on murdering Jews. Of course, there were some pro-Jewish Polish military men and an occasional pro-Jewish farmer as well. In spite of these obstacles, two cases of Jewish partisans rescuing Poles is documented in Marek Jan Chodakiewicz's book "Zydzi i Polacy 1918-1955" (Jews and Poles 1918-1955). In February of 1944, Abraham Bron saved his friends, Stanislaw Saganowski ("Dab") and his son Jerzy Saganowski ("Brzoza") of Aleksandrowka from the NKVD and the UB. They were active members of the NSZ, and thus had to go into hiding after the arrival of the Red Army. Bron arranged for immunity for the Saganowskis from the local secret police and protected them afterward. Bron helped them move to his house in Krasnik. Subsequently, Saganowski, Sr. went into a black market business with his Jewish friend. Saganowski, Jr. enrolled at a high school in Krasnik. Both maintained personal contacts with their NSZ colleagues but remained passive in the anti-Communist struggle. In a separate incident in the spring of 1945, a Jewish general, Aleksander Mieczyslaw Skotnicki saved Pawel Golombek from the Communist secret service (UB). Golombek was a Polish policeman who was secretly in the Underground. Skotnicki was later killed in battle. Collectively and individually, Jews throughout the Lublin district resisted Nazi oppression. The Jewish partisans listed below are an inspiration. They valiantly fought and died for freedom against the Nazi murderers. In many cases, very little information remains about the existence of particular partisan groups due to the complete annihiliation of the units by the Nazi murderers. The conditions the partisans had to overcome are monumental by any standard. There was not just the lack of food, the constant starvation, and the need to find food by any means possible. Another obstacle was dealing with the fact that most of their family members had previously been murdered and overcoming the feeling that they were now truly alone in the world. There was also the problem of how to get weapons, how to stay warm in the winters, and how to avoid detection by Polish and German soldiers. Complicating this last matter was the fact that a majority of Poles and Ukrainians were eager to report Jews to the Nazi murderers. We fondly remember the Jewish partisans of the Lublin distrct as heroes, today and forever. Three of the most successful Jewish partisan group leaders -- Shmuel "Mietec" Gruber, Yechiel "Chil" Grynszpan, and Abraham "Adolf" Bron -- had been corporals in the Polish Army. Jews had been required to serve their country, even as the borders changed, for centuries. This previous military training was crucial to their success as unit leaders. Below is information on the specific groups that formed between 1942 and 1944 in the district, each formed to fight off the Nazi murderers:  Groups form Northwest of Lublin: In Markuszow and Kamionka in 1942, groups of young Jews who escaped from ghettos or otherwise avoided capture managed to acquire weapons and food. When the Jewish community of Markuszow was rounded up, some 700 Jews fled. The four separate Jewish partisan groups -- one led by Mordechai Kirshenboim, a second led by brothers Yerucham and Yaakov Gotheilf, a third called the Cossacks, and a fourth group from Kamionka led by Frank Blaichman -- set up camps in the Wola forests. In early December of 1942, a group of S.S. men and Ukrainian auxiliaries arrived near Markuszow to search the forests for hidden Jews. On December 2, the first day of the search, about 400 Jews were killed. Another 600 perished before the sweep ended on January 20, 1943. Thus, the first three groups of partisans mentioned above were exterminated. The only survivors of "the Cossacks" group, per Samuel Gruber's testimony, were Jusek Piasaki and Jerzy Marcinek. These two later merged with Gruber's group. There were two specific incidents still in memory today from the survivors. These incidents occurred after years on the run and in hiding. Near Markuszow was a village called Pryszczowa Gora, built on a peaty area with 350 families in the village. The residents, all peasants, were poor. Markuszow Jews built caves and camouflaged themselves at this locale. The shochet went out one day and was spotted by the military police after a local villager complained. The Germans were led to the entrance of the cavesite. The cave entrances were stuffed with straw and set on fire. All of the Jews were dead, except one little girl. She was taken in by the villagers and passed from house to house. The second incident concerned a separate group of Markuszow fighters, the Emilia Plater group led by Shmuel Yaeger. On Feb. 4, 1944, there were three unknown peasants at a barn owned by a farmer the partisans knew in Pryszczowa Gora. The threesome had reported the Jews to the Germans, and by the time the partisans realized this they were ambushed. The two survivors of this incident were Janek (also called Yosel), unknown surname, and Sziye Goldberg. They were both severely wounded.  Jegier, Gruber, and Blaichman groups -- main areas of movement. Frank Blaichman's group was more successful because they were better armed. The group began with around 75 fighters, but in fall of 1942 50 of their fighters were killed in battle, leaving just 25 remaining. Blaichman's group was very successful in acquiring weapons, which several of the other Jewish partisan groups had great difficulty achieving. At just age 16 when the war started, Frank Blaichman became an unlikely leader and hero. He had no military background or training, but assumed the role of leader of the group for the purpose of avenging the blood of his murdered family members. The Blaichman group merged with a group led by Shmuel "Mietek" Gruber in the summer of 1943. The combined group total was around 90 fighters. All Jewish members of the Polish Army were sent to the Lipowa 7 Labor Camp in Lublin. Samuel Gruber and other Lipowa 7 inmates were forced to build the Majdanek Concentration Camp as part of their slave labor detail. Gruber had been injured in a battle in the campaign against the Nazis, so he was eventually taken out of slave labor. He remained at the Lipowa camp, but was assigned to work in an office of a hospital that distributed uniforms, rifles, and pistols to German soldiers coming from the front. He was able to steal weapons, which he funneled to the anti-German Polish underground. In October of 1942, Gruber and another prisoner named Kaganowicz (first name either Berko or Josef) led a group of around 25 men into the Kozlow woods north of Lublin. After Gruber's group, several other groups of prisoners from Lipowa 7 also escaped into the woods. They were aided by a People's Guard Polish detachment.  Gruber's group had difficulty finding weapons after escaping from Lipowa 7. His group had around 20 persons and was largely unarmed, but had local connections with friendly farmers -- especially in a particular hamlet north of Lubartow called Wola Przybyslawska, where the villagers were involved in the Polish underground. The Gruber group placed vulnerable, sick, or elderly Jews with farmers they could trust to avoid attracting attention. The Blaichman and Gruber groups merged in summer, 1943, and together they hunted down Nazis and any Poles who collaborated with them. They blew up the town halls in Garbow and Markuszow because the Nazis were going to use lists of Jews in those locales for slave labor. They picked off German patrols and stole German weapons. They initially fought in the area west of the Wieprz River in the Janowski (Yanov) forest west of Lublin. The combined forces acquired rifles, pistols, and machine guns as well as food and clothing obtained from various sources, including Nazis, Polish villagers, and an occasional political ally. This combined group, "The Lubartow Group", reached Chil Grynszpan's groups in January of 1944 and merged with them. The combined groups had around 400 fighters and worked closely with the Armia Ludowa. Groups form Northeast of Lublin: Yechiel (Chil) Grynszpan was part of a horse-trading family and thus became familiar with the wagon routes and swamps in the forests near where he grew up prior to the war. His family mostly traded with non-Jews, and therefore he also knew which Polish farmers could be trusted. In late 1942, Grynszpan's group formed. They had around 50 fighters but only two rifles and one pistol. In early 1943 they came across the remains of weapons hidden after the battles of September 1939. The group managed to acquire seven more rifles, ammunition, and a small number of grenades. Grynszpan worked to motivate the partisans, proclaiming boldly, "You are born once -- you only die once!" He became a larger than life figure. Grynszpan's group set up a camp called Tabor where Jewish elderly, children, and those too weak to fight could still survive under the protection of the unit and surrounded by dense forests. An estimated 1,000 Jews were at the camp. Few of them actually ended up surviving the war. The camp residents were mostly from local villages such as Kodeniec, Pachole, Zahajki, and Krzywowierzby. The three village elders who oversaw the Tabor camp were Abram from Zaliscze (Abram Cholomski), Yankel from Holowno (Jankiel Kupfersztajn), and Nuchem from Krasnowka. Jews set up a makeshift synagogue in the forests. They carried out various services for the partisans, such tailoring, shoemaking, and cooking. The partisans in the Grynszpan group had some variety. Among them was a group of escaped prisoners of war from Lipowa 7 camp, Fiodor Kovalev's brigade of Russian fighters (including some Jews), and later the Gruber-Blaichman-Yaeger Jewish partisans from the Pulawy area. Grynszpan himself eventually formed a tight bond with the Armia Ludowa, which recognized the group as most organized Jewish resistance in all of eastern Poland. Some of the activities of the Grynszpan group included the liberation of Jews from forced labor at Jablonia and Adampol, preventing German transportation abilities, and attacking German brigades. Velvele Litwack, one of the young fighters, describes specific activities of the group below.  Tragically, in the fall of 1943, the Nazis invaded the campsite and 75 of the around 200 of the Jews living in it were murdered. In the fall of 1943, more than a dozen of the Sobibor uprising escapees found Grynszpan's group -- each sick, starved, and frozen. They included: Yehuda "Atleta" Lerner, Mordechai Goldfarb, a Russian Jew with a pistol (Boris Taborinski), Abraham Margules, Hella Fellenbaum, Ajzik Rotenberg, Itzhak Lichtman, Ada Fischer, Kitty Gokkes, and Ursula Stern. Prior to finding the Grynszpan group, Sobibor survivors Lerner, Taborinski, and Moshe Goldfarb were with a group of six other Sobibor survivors who were lured into a group of around 20 Polish fighters led by two brothers called Piatek. Without warning, these Polish fighters attacked the Jewish Sobibor survivors near Hola, and six were murdered, including one woman. Three lived to tell the story. They left this group and continued to search for allies, and fortunately met the Grynszpan partisans. The Lubartow group of Gruber and Blaichman eventually joined Chil Grynszpan's battalion. The combined units were tough, experienced, and disciplined by the fall of 1943. There were 150 people in the combined unit, including 20 armed women who fought alongside the men. They were fierce opponents to the Nazis and their collaborators and killed any Nazis they encountered. The group derailed bridges, blew up at least four army troop trains, hijacked German supply trucks on highways, cut phone poles between Lublin and Wlodawa, and attacked police headquarters and government posts in Kaplonosy and Parczew  Grynszpan, Lichtenberg, and Knopfmacher groups -- main areas of movement. Grynszpan group partisan Zev Velvele Litwack recalls: "On December 16, 1942 Chil led us to the village Ostrowa, where we started a heavy fight with the Hitlerists and after some hours we succeeded in conquering the position. German officers fell in our hands and 12 Polish policemen were shot. We captured many arms, uniforms, and other things. We burned down their housings and the town hall. The mayor, who had cooperated with the Germans, was shot. This was the first act of revenge for the Jewish bloodshed." But there was a price to pay: shortly after the victory, the Germans surrounded the partisans. The partisans were bombed for three days with planes and tanks. According to Litwack, "When they were about 40 meters from our range of sight came the order: 'Fire!' And we opened fire from all sides, so that the Germans did not know from where it came and they were standing in an open cornfield on their way towards us. In this battle we lost three partisans, two Russians and one Jew, Simcha Lewinson from Sosnowica. Tens of Germans were killed. After fighting for about five hours the Germans retreated."One daring, but ultimately unsuccessful, action devised by the Grynszpan unit was an attempt to liberate 770 Jewish prisoners from the Krasnik Labor Camp (Skret). Liaison was established with the Jews inside the camp, who were supplied with 30 revolvers and a number of hand grenades. A plan for concerted action was carefully developed -- the revolt inside the camp was to flare up simultaneously with the partisan attack from the outside. An informer revealed the plans to the Nazis. Several days before the scheduled revolt was to take place, the Nazis seized the armed rebels inside the camp, killed the bulk of them, and transferred others to nearby Budzyn Labor Camp. By July of 1944, Chil's partisan forces -- which had formed an alliance with the Armia Ludowa -- was surrounded by German soldiers. On July 22, the Red Eighth Army passed them during the night, and the partisans from the Mietek and Grynszpan groups were behind the front line of liberated Poland. Of the roughly 4,000 Jews who had fled to the forests of Parczew, Markuszow, and Wlodawa between 1940 and 1944, only around 200 were still alive. Chil's group was one of the most successful partisan detachments in all of Europe.  Wlodawa is located east of the Bug River, near Sobibor. In this area, scores of sub-camps of Sobibor were set up and captured Jews were engaged in heavy forced labor. In October of 1942, a separate group of around a dozen partisans formed outside of Adampol, Poland. Freedom was a new concept for this group, as most had been imprisoned in the Wlodawa or Adampol ghettos and had found a way to escape. This group was the beginnings of the Moshe Lichtenberg group. By March, 1943 the group had around 30 fighters including around 27 males and three females. The Polish farmer Papinski was a messenger between the Lichtenberg group and local populations. In May, 1943 the Wlodawa Ghetto was liquidated. Between the partisan groups in the area, there were at least four rescue missions into the Wlodawa Ghetto to smuggle Jews out of it, and over 100 Jews were taken out of the ghetto or the nearby Adampol Labor Camp. The Lichtenberg partisan group gained new members until it reached 80 fighters. The very young, very old or those without any weapons were relocated to a place called Ochozhe, an island inside the forest surrounded by very deep swamps. This was a family camp similar to the Tabor camp of the Grynszpan group, protected by the partisan fighters. Lichtenberg's group, which eventually came to number 100 to 120 fighters (including 10 female fighters), briefly joined the Chil Grynszpan group, but Lichtenberg's leadership style clashed with that of Grynszpan. In July, 1943, a man named Kolka Meluch arrived in Wlodawa with a small brigade of fighters and explained that he was from the Bielorussian partisan movement headquarters. Lichtenberg believed him and followed him toward the headquarters with all 100+ fighters from the group. They crossed the Bug River to continue their struggle for freedom in the Soviet partisan movement. While there, unit leaders Moshe Lichtenberg, Motel Rosenberg and Chaim Fiszman were shot by Kolka in a dispute over machine guns. It was a devastating defeat for the partisans. Melech was not a partisan commander as he had stated, but simply a bandit in the forests looking for people to take advantage of. After losing these key men, Leon Nemzer, who had served in the Polish Army, took over as the group's leader. The ammunition and food supplies of the Lichtenberg group were consistently very sparse. The local Poles in the area around Wlodawa were very hostile to the Jewish partisans. A few months after Nemzer became leader, the group of Jewish partisans was absorbed into the Molotov Partisan Brigade, which had four Otriads. Each of the Otriads had around 400 fighters. In April of 1944, the Soviet Army liberated the area where the partisans were. Another group of Jews mostly from the Wlodawa area formed inside of the labor camp and eventually escaped. This group, led by Nachum Knopfmacher, eventually merged with Lichtenberg's group, but the two leaders had different ideas about the right actions to take in the short term. Lichtenberg was more focused on revenge and Knopfmacher was more focused on freeing Jews from the Adampol Labor Camp. Groups form Southwest of Lublin: In late 1942, several independent fighter groups were present in the forests around Krasnik and Janow Lubelski: 1) A Jewish partisan unit from Frampol that had escaped from the ghetto; 2) a group under Yaakov Freitag that had originated near the village of Reczyca in Pulawy County; 3) a group under Reuven Pintele's leadership; 4) a group that escaped from the Majdanek Concentration Camp under the leadership of a partisan named Robert; 5) a group of 40 escaped POWs from Lipowa 7 led by David Reisler; a group of Russians (including some Jews) under Ciencow; and several non-Jewish Polish fighting groups. In July of 1942, Armia Ludowa partisan detachment "Jastrzab" led by Antoni Palen ("hawk") burned a sawmill and lumber depot in Janowek, near Janow Lubelski. In March 1943, Jastrzab attacked two German cars on the highway near Bilgoraj, and in May 1943, they attacked the German garrison in Lipa near Krasnik. On October 2, 1942, 300 Jews fled Frampol during the deportations to the death camps. Some of them had acquired guns earlier and had them hidden in the forests. The escaped prisoners joined with Korczynski's Armia Ludowa unit and was also wiped out before the end of 1943. Robert's Majdanek unit carried out a successful ambush on the road near Bychawa, attacking two trucks carrying gendarmes, on October 15, 1942. They were based in the Lipsk forest, according to partisan researcher Shmuel Krakowski. In October, 1942, prisoner David Reisler led a group of 40 Lipowa 7 prisoners in an escape from the Lublin labor camp that housed POWs. By December, they were betrayed by the Armia Ludowa (AL), supposedly their allies. All except two fighters, Jan Szelubski and Chaim Blacher, were murdered. Szelubski survived the war and went to Israel. Blacher was killed at a later date in battle. Reuven Pintele's partisan group -- of whom little is known -- attacked the Germans, killing commandant Peter Ignar, at the Janiszow Labor Camp near Annopol on November 6, 1942. Although all of the prisoners were free to leave the camp, they had no resources such as food and arms, and many were either caught and killed or sent to the Budzyn Labor Camp. Around 60 prisoners successfully escaped, but were eventually attacked and murdered by armed Polish bandits. From 1942 until the liberation in late July of 1944, the Armia Ludowa also continuously operated a secret radio transmitter in the city of Lublin which transmitted valuable intelligence to the Soviets. In an effort to display their organizational and tactical superiority, the Armia Ludowa dispatched two important figures to the Krasnik area in February, 1943: 1) Joseph Szapiro, a former officer in the Spanish Civil War, brought along instructions for intensifying the partisan action in the area; and 2) Grzegorz Korczynski, also a former officer in the Spanish Civil War, brought along instructions to command units in the area. Soon, the Tadeusz Kosciuszko unit was formed, which consisted of the following AL groups under Korczynski's command: 1) A group under Ciencow, a Russian POW, which included Russians and a Jewish officer named Grisha, from Kiev. 2) The Berek Joselowicz detachment under Eduard Forst, which was based near Puszcza Solska, a little northwest of Jozefow. The group formed and fought in April and May of 1943, but by August they had been murdered. 3) Two Polish units under the command of Andrzej Flis ("Maksym") and Choina. Polish fighters in the unit also included Jan Plowas, Edward Plowas, Stefan Staregowski, Edward Gronczewski ("quail"), Jan Pytl ("Leon"), and Jan Wzietek ("negro"). 4) A Russian unit under the command of Mihael Atamanov (also called Umer Adamanov and Miszka Tatar). 5) A mixed Russian-Polish-Jewish unit under the command of Antoni Palen ("Jastrzab"). And 5) A Jewish unit called Staszic. The total number of fighters was 300 and they concentrated their efforts in Zamosc and Bilgoraj counties. In March 1943 they destroyed the device substation at the railway station Rapy and burned warehouses and workshops, liquidated the police station and vandalized municipal office in Huta Krzeszowska. Korczynski was intent on attacking the Rejowiec-Lwow rail line. But on April 4, 1943, nearly every Jewish partisan in the unit -- with one exception, Korczynski himself -- was murdered. The circumstances surrounding the deaths have never been explained. Additional details regarding Korchinsky's appalling anti-Jewish activities are available here. A group of Jews from the Staszic unit survived, and decided to join the nearby Kovpak unit on March 1, 1944, who were based in Tarnogrod.  Partisan leader Abraham Bron, after immigration to Brazil. Another unit in the area was the Abraham Bron unit, which had 40 Jewish fighters who had mostly escaped from the Krasnik ghetto. They also operated a family camp which had around 200 Jews. The group's initial concerns were finding food and carrying out small attacks on Polish police and German gendarmerie posts to acquire arms. They later were joined by around 30 escaped Soviet prisoners of war. The combined group attempted a series of attacks on trains, but had difficulty carrying out these attacks due to their lack of military training and the superior skills of the German enemy. By summer, 1943 the Armia Ludowa units were reorganized into two groups: Battalion number 3, which consisted of Polish fighters, under Wladyslaw Skrzypek, and Battalion number 4 under Karol Lemichow-Herzenberger. The Jewish Adolf unit and a Russian unit were thus working side by side under the German Lemichow, who was made a commander of the Armia Ludowa after being injured during his service in the Red Army. However, a plan was drawn up for the destruction of Abraham Bron's Jewish partisan unit by the commander of Battalion number 4. And nineteen Jewish partisans were murdered when their own unit, the Armia Ludowa fighters led by Lieutenant Karol Herzenberger Lemichow and armed Polish bandits led by Andrzej Kielbasa, turned their guns on the Jewish fighters.  L-R: Armia Ludowa's Karol Hertzenberg, Grzegorz Korczynski, Jan Wyderkowski. A majority of the Jewish Bron unit managed to escape their attackers. After this incident, the Bron unit understandably left the Armia Ludowa. A month earlier, Kielbasa was also involved in the murders of 26 other Jewish fighters, including Yaakov Freitag, the commander of a group of fugitives from Rzeczyca (near Poniatowa Concentration Camp), and Yehoshua Pintel. Frank Blaichman describes this incident his book as follows: "We learned that on September 9 a unit of the Polish National Armed Forces (NSZ) had killed 26 Jewish partisans in the Borowa Forest, south of Lublin. They had gained access to the partisans' base by pretending to want to help them and then had come at night and thrown grenades into the bunkers while the partisans slept. The AL later composed a song in memory of these partisans, but the words fail to mention that the partisans were Jews." Herzenberger was killed on December 26, 1943 in a clash between his unit and the Germans. After his death, the Bron unit rejoined the Armia Ludowa. According to Shmuel Krakowski, the Jews made up a significant part of the Armia Ludowa forces operating out of bases in the forests of Lipsk in the winter of 1943-1944. The units were as follows: Lenek's group, a mixed unit of Jews and Russians numbering 43 fighters; Grzybowski's unit; Jastrzab's unit; Bohdan's unit; and Prohor's unit, which was an all-Jewish unit. By this time the Bron unit numbered around 25 fighters. Bron unit partisans included Prohors or Prohor (a non-Jew), Zysmilch, Hirsh Brones, and Yehoshua Kleinman (who was killed). In winter and spring of 1944, the Jewish units gained new members: 26 prisoners who escaped from the Klemensow Labor Camp near Szczebrzeszyn, 13 prisoners escaped from the Budzyn Labor Camp, and eight escapees from Skret (Krasnik) Labor Camp. The Germans opened a large anti-partisan campaign in Poland on June 9, 1944 which included more than 25,000 fighters. The operation was led by the Nazis Haeneke and Bork. The partisans numbered around 5,000 fighters, including 3,000 Soviets, more than 1,500 Poles, and more than 100 Jewish fighters (most of whom belonged to the Adolf Bron unit). Jewish fighters were also serving in the Janowski and Wanda Wasilewska units, which included several dozen Jews among many Russians. The two groups moved into the Krasnik area around this time. The partisan forces suffered heavy losses in battle and the Janowski and Wanda Wasilewska retained only around 1/5 of their members. The Adolf unit lost most of its members in a battle with Division 154 on June 14, 1944 in the forest of Janow Lubelski. It was just a few weeks before the area was liberated. Around 15 of the Bron unit fighters survived. Additional information about resistance in the Krasnik area is available in the Krasnik Yizkor book. Abraham Bron is discussed on page 111 of "The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust" by Martin Gilbert. Groups form Southeast of Lublin: There were also several Jewish partisan groups that formed in the southern tier of the Lublin district. They were frequently in touch with Russian units that traveled in and out of the district and then headed back east. In May 1942, a group of young Jews from Tomaszow Lubelski -- led by Mendel Heller, Meir Lilkemakher (Lalichmacher), and Szymon Goldsztein -- organized a Jewish partisan unit. This unit fought the Germans for some time, but was betrayed by local Poles and annihilated. According to Shmuel Krakowski, in July 1942, Jews and Poles joined Rayevski's Russian unit in the south of Lublin. This unit became the largest in the area and had three submachine guns and a few rifles as well as grenades and pistols for each fighter. Rayevski (Ryavski) decided to leave to go to Russia but the Jewish partisans stayed behind because they were familiar with the local area. The unit split up, with a majority heading east. The leftover Jewish unit, led by the brothers Chaskiel Met and Yaakov Met, was based in Kosznia near Frampol. A local forest watchman in Kosznia told the Germans exact details of the whereabouts of the Jewish partisans. The Jews killed this Polish collaborator. But when the Armia Krajowa found out about it, they spread anti-Jewish propaganda in the area and recruited hundreds of peasants to expel the partisans from the forests (source: Shmuel Krakowski). In the vicinity of Majdan Tyszowski, Tomaszow Lubelski county, a Jewish partisan unit commanded by a Jew from Lublin named Cudok (also spelled Tsadok, Tzadik or Chudak) established contact with the local unit of the Armia Krajowa. After a successful joint operation, the Armia Krajowa unit invited the Jewish combatants for a feast. The Jews were first served poisoned vodka and then fired upon. No one survived (source: Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews during World War). Beginning in 1941, many Jews from Lublin looked for shelters in the region between Lublin and Bychawa, in the villages and farms. At the beginning of October 1942, when the decrees with regards to Belzec came out, many Jews were hidden in this area. According to partisan Motel Sternblitz, "In order to give you an idea of the amount of Jews that were hidden, I would like to tell about the following incident: In the latter part of 1942, 70 Jews were gathered at the garden of Palyuch, the farmer. We were there all day. My heart is bleeding when I recall that out of all 70 Jews, among them my father, only 12 people were left as far as I know. All others were killed.Motel Szernblitz was in a cowshed and heard the shooting. He went to the forest and saw the Zimerman group killing four German gendarmes and three or four others were able to escape. Zimerman took their machine guns from them. In May or June 1943, Zimmerman was arrested, but the arresting forces did not know he was a partisan . They took him to Piotrkowek, from which he was able to escape. In the end of summer of 1943, Zimerman was killed along with six others, including Cudok. A German unit surrounded the village Majdan Tyszowski. They burned 12 houses of Zimerman and his group -- 16 people in total were hiding in a cowshed in the village. The German surrounded them. Zimerman tried to break out to the forest. The battle took from 11:00 until 16:00 hours. Zimerman continued to shoot until his last moment. Reznik and few others reached the forest and survived. At the end of June, 1942, a Polish-Soviet unit called Miszka Tatar (led by Mihail Atamanov) combined with Peasant Battalion detachment "Iskrzak" and Armia Ludowa detachment "Tomasz" to burn a sawmill and furniture factory operated by the Germans in Tarnawatka, a little north of Tomaszow Lubelski. A group of Jewish partisans from the ZZW (Jewish Military Union) had a camp in Hrubieszow where anti-Nazi training took place. Andrew Kolin writes in his book One Family Before and During the Holocaust, "Many members of Betar would be sent to training camp on a farm close to Hrubieszow. A Jewish supporter of Betar was willing to employ members to work on his farm. A number of Betar members went to work there and maintained the organization [and] those who returned [to Warsaw] became the vital core of the Jewish Military Union. Zivia Lubetkin, who was part of the movement, characterized the efforts as follows: "Agricultural work was particularly important because it enabled us to remove groups of Jewish youth from the suffocating confines of the ghetto. It succeeded in creating a humane, cooperative atmosphere based on mutual aid, equity, and social relationships which were altogether different from what was current in the ghetto." Testifying in 1946, Holocaust survivor Adam Helperin from Warsaw notes that "special fighting units" were formed around Hrubieszow. "They underwent military training in order to fulfill the Betar pledge: 'I will prepare my arm for the defense of my people ...'." However, according to Holocaust scholars Dariusz Libionka and Laurence Weinbaum, Halperin's account only mentions two names of the fighters themselves: Felek Langleben and Asher Frenkel. The only known survivors of the group were Perec Laskier and Fela Szabszyk Finkelsztajn. According to Laskier [writing in Hebrew in 1962], in the summer of 1941, Julek Brandt -- also called Joel or Jakob -- appeared in the Warsaw ghetto accompanied by Hans Brandwein, a veteran Betar leader from Bielsko. Both were well known to the organizational leadership in Warsaw. Brandt was a Hrubieszow native whose relatives were key leaders in the Judenrat in Hrubieszow. (Note: Judenrat members in the Lublin district, in general, did not cooperate with the Nazis. The primary exception to this was in Zamosc, where the Judenrat chairman was complicit.) Notes Libionka and Weinbaum, "After learning about the tragic situation in the [Warsaw] ghetto, they came up with the idea of organizing the legal transfer of the Betar activists to Hrubieszow." They note that around 600 Betar activists were brought to the Hrubieszow area, where they worked on six farms in different locations. It is not clear on what farms or in what suburbs of Hrubieszow they worked, but several testimonies confirm that there was a farm in Dluzniow where 30 Jews worked along with Poles and Ukrainians. However, the records of the Judenrat in Hrubieszow have been lost, so no account of these facts exists. Separate from the Betar movement, Libionka and Weinbaum mention that a Dror kibbutz was established at a sawmill in Werbkowice near Hrubieszow in 1941. Forty Jews lived there, led by Moshe Rabinowicz. The leader of it was Henoch Gutman. However, no conclusive link can be made to evidence that the Dror and Betar members were cooperating with each other. Frumka Plotnicka and Chawa Follman were the Dror representatives. Others mentioned in the testimony of Fela Szabszyk as participating with Betar in Hrubieszow include: her brother Moshe Szabszyk (perished at Sobibor), Olek Halbersztadt, Natan Schulz, Josef "Jerzy" Bielawski, Salek Hazenszprung, Avraham Bekkerman, and unknown Apfelbaum. Laskier mentions only Chaim Haus, Aszer Frenkel, Felek Langleben, and unknown Szochet. Researcher Chaim Lazar-Litai, in his book Muranowska 7, notes that Chedwa Wicher and Langleben were arrested on the train to Zamosc and shot. The fate of Julek Brandt is known: after jumping from a transport to Sobibor in October 1942, he and several Judenrat members were betrayed by local peasants and turned over to the gendarmerie. They were then delivered to the Gestapo in Hrubieszow. Somehow, Brandt to convince the Germans to create a work camp in Hrubieszow. This work camp saved the lives of the 200 remaining Jews in Hrubieszow, who would have surely been murdered if it did not exist. (Note: My grandfather was among those in the Jatkowa camp.) Tragically, Julek Brandt was taken to the Jewish cemetery in Hrubieszow and murdered by Gestapo-man August Ebner in December 1942 or January 1943. According to partisan Halperin, "This was the first stage in Betar's war of defense. It was also the first military action undertaken by the Jews of Warsaw." Concludes Libionka and Weinbaum, "No matter how we choose to assess this curious chapter in history, we do know that the few survivors of the Hrubieszow experience were mobilized into the nascent Revisionist fighting organization and heroically fought and died in its ranks." See also: Betar Partisans in Hrubieszow Groups form East of Lublin: There were more than a dozen Russian partisan groups in the Lublin district. There was significant overlap between the Russian partisan groups in the Lublin district and both the Red Army and the Armia Ludowa. One of the earliest Russian partisan group was led by an escaped Soviet officer called David. In the spring of 1942, David's group joined a partisan unit under the command Fiodor Kovalov (partisan name Teodor Albrecht), a Soviet officer and escaped POW. The group became known as Pushkin's group, or Imienia Jozefa Bema. It consisted of both Jewish and non-Jewish Russian fighters, mostly escaped POWs, and had around 40 unskilled fighters. Fighting near the Makoszka forests near Parczew and Ostrow Lubelski, the first battle of Fioder's partisans took place in November 1942. The partisans tried to beat off a German assault on a forest where a group of Parczew Jews were hiding. The partisans were forced to retreat, and most of the Jews were killed on the spot. On December 6-8, 1942, the partisans fought another battle in the Parczew forests. In spite of having considerable police and military forces, the Germans suffered significant losses while the partisans managed to successfully extract themselves out of the encirclement. On December 17, 1942 the Fiodor unit captured the town of Ostrow Lubelski, killing a policeman and wounding a few others. During this battle, a Polish police post was attacked while a post office, a dairy factory assisting the German war effort, and a German government office were destroyed. The following Jewish members were killed in action around Passover, 1943: Chuna Kot, Lejb Grinblat, Hersz Rodzinek, Yosef Waserman and Itzak Tarif. Soon after, Fiodor's Pushkin partisans joined Jan Holod's battalion, which was working with Chil Grynszpan's group from spring 1943 forward. In the second half of 1943 and the beginning of 1944, Ostrow Lubelski was under the control of the Communist AL (Armia Ludowa). Eventually Fiodor is believed to have gone eastward into Russian territory.  Moshe "Mischa" Edelstein, born 1923 in Kalisz, led a partisan unit. A Soviet group led by the Edelstein brothers and Itzhak Reichman numbered around 20 fighters. The Edelstein brothers were refugees from Kalisz who went to Povorsk, Ukraine and organized an underground resistance there. The group operated out of the forests. Misha Edelstein was humble and modest, but wanted revenge for the deaths of his parents and girlfriend Raja Plus. Today in Rivne there is a memorial in memory of Misha Edelstein. He was murdered in battle after the liberation. Pasha Reichman later joined another unit and went to Israel after the war. A second Soviet partisan group, called the Janowski group, is discussed in the section below. The Wanda Wasilewska brigade led by Oleksiy Fedorov (Alexei Fyodorov) was a large brigade of mixed Jewish and non-Jewish fighters. This group mostly fought east of the Bug River, but eventually crossed westward to take on the Germans more directly. According to partisan survivor Ben Kamm, the brigade destroyed 549 German trains by the end of 1943. Many of the groups, including the Fyodorov group, received airdrops from Russia, which included such needs as ammunition, mines, and medicines. They also received regular reports from Radio Moscow. The group's objectives were to distribute weapons to the local population and to get as many people to fight as possible. A fourth Soviet group was led by Maksim Misyura, a non-Jew, and had 90 Jewish fighters in it. It was called the Voroshilov battalion. Aleksander Abugov, Froim Bakalczyk, Moshe Bromberg, and Nahum Silberpark were among the Jewish leaders of the group. The group included Jews from Dabrowica (Dubrovitsa), Sarny, and Wlodimierzec in the Wolyn district. In January and February of 1943, the group carried out raids on police stations, ranches, and German administration buildings. The partisans seized foodstuffs and animals (horses and cows) which they distributed to the neighboring residents. Jews Who Fought with the Armja Ludowa: Several units also joined with the Armia Ludowa, the left-wing Polish forces fighting the Nazis. Most of the Jews involved in the AL were not political at all, but simply were fighting to sustain their livelihood. The Janowski group was one such group who fought with the Armia Ludowa. This mixed group, which had around 50 to 70 fighters in 1944, was led by Jews Leon Kasman and Leon Bielski. The Janovski group arrived to Parczew forests at the beginning of 1943, crossing west from the Bug. Their main mission was to free the Poniatowa Labor Camp near Opole Lubelski. However before that took place, in November of 1943, all of the Jews in Poniatowa were murdered. The group continued moving west and came to Mielec, Poland near the end of the war. They succeeded in attacking German units and blowing up trains. They received heavy support from Russia, as the heads of the unit had strong ties to the Russian military. They also took revenge on a Polish family that had shot the Jews they were hiding, however the location of this incident is not known. Jewish doctor Michael Temchin was a commander in the Armia Ludowa, a leftist underground organization in Poland. His unit, which consisted of both Jews and non-Jews, was active around Krasnik, Lublin district. They planned to rescue Jews from the Krasnik Ghetto. However those inside the Ghetto were hesitant to allow the partisans to act, and in one night the entire Krasnik Ghetto was wiped out with few managing to survive or escape. A significant number of Jews reached important positions in the Polish partisan movement, especially in Units on the left, the AL, and the Socialist Fighting Organization. The Commander of the largest Partisan Battalion in Generalgouvernement territory was the Jewish Officer, Alexander Skotnicki (Captain Zemsta), who was included among the Armia Ludowa's renowned organizers list. General Rola-Zimierski, the commander of the Armia Ludowa, declared at a meeting of the Polish National Assembly on the 2nd of January 1946: "Jewish soldiers fought against the occupation forces with much devotion and courage. They were valiant fighters and very often great heroes" and in his letter to the Organization of Jewish Partisans (F.P.O.), the general wrote: "Among the Jews who remained alive there were thousands who went into the woods to fight with arms, and fought together with their Polish partisan comrades against the common enemy." Many of the names are Polish proper names, so Jozef = Josef = Joe and Rojza = Rosa = Rose. Other names are Yiddish or Hebrew names, so Yaakov = Jakub = Jacob and Chana = Hanka = Hannah. To add a name to this list, please contact us. 
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| Markuszow Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wladek Edelsztejn (Edelstein) | Markuszow | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | |
| Dawid Etynger | Markuszow | Murdered in 1943 | |
| Josef Fiszbein | Markuszow, 1923 | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | |
| Szloma Goldwasser | Markuszow | Murdered 1943-1944 | |
| Chil Gothelf | Markuszow, ~1915 | Australia | |
| Ita Gothelf | Markuszow, 1919 | Australia? | Married to Chiel |
| Jacob Gothelf | Markuszow, 1919? | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | |
| Yerucham Gothelf | Markuszow | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | |
| Mordechai Kerschenbaum (Kerszenbaum) | Markuszow | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | Photo available |
| Moshe Martin Kirszenbojm | Markuszow | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | Photos available |
| Szmuel Laks | Markuszow | Died January 27, 1988 in Israel | |
| Wladek "Wolf" Laks | Markuszow | Murdered in 1943 | |
| Chaja Loterstein | Markuszow | Paris, France | |
| Michael Loterstein | Markuszow, 1924 | Paris, France | Photo available |
| (unknown) Mikoi | Russia | Murdered | Non-Jew |
| Szlomo Morel | Garbow, 1919 | Died in 2007 in Israel | Falsely accused of war crimes by Poland. |
| Yitzchak Morel | Garbow | Murdered in 1943 | |
| Moshe Pelz (Marcin Pelc) | Markuszow, 1917 | Israel | Escaped from the Jastkow Labor Camp |
| Simon Rabiner | Markuszow | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | Photos available |
| Israel Isser Rosenberg, commander | Markuszow, 1919 | Killed by accident in 1943 | |
| Bella Rubinstein | Markuszow | Died in USA | Wife of Dawid |
| Blimka Rubinstein | Markuszow | Died in USA | Photo available |
| Dawid Rubinstein | Markuszow | Died in USA | |
| Sever Shmuel Rubinstein | Markuszow | Died in New York | Photo available |
| Moshe Sznaider | Markuszow? | ? | |
| (unknown) Tolka | Kharkov, Ukraine | Murdered in February, 1943 | Non-Jew |
| Hanka or Chancia Tomalewicz | Markuszow | Israel | |
| Wladek Tomalewicz | Markuszow | Israel | |
| Shmuel Toper (Topper) | Markuszow | Murdered in 1944 at Bug River | |
| Stefan Tuman | Markuszow | Brazil | |
| Dawid Weingarten | Markuszow? | Israel | |
| Liebl from Markuszow | Markuszow | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | son of a shoemaker |
| Emilia Plater Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Icek Eisenberg (Ajzenberg) | Markuszow | Murdered 1943-1945 | |
| Salomon "Shlomo" Ejsenberg (Eisenberg) | Markuszow, 1916 | Died in Tiberius, Israel | Photo available; nicknamed Iron ("Zelaszny") Eisenberg |
| Bronislawa Garbarz (Garbacz) | Komarowka Podlaska | Israel? | |
| Szyja Goldberg | Lublin, 1900 | Died in Israel | Testimony available |
| Josef Iberklejd (Iberkleid) ||| | Garbow | Murdered 1942-1945 | |
| Emil Shmuel Yager (Jaeger)***, commander | Ukraine, 1914 | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | Town of origin was Chaszczowata/Khoshchevatoye |
| Marcin Kirszenblat | 1923 | France and Switzerland | Changed his name to Marcel Garshon |
| Mietek Kirszenblat | 1911 | Australia | |
| Szymon Malinowski | Lomza? | Murdered | Fought near Trawniki |
| Berl Mitelberg | Lublin? | Murdered 1944-1946 | Photo available; Escaped from Majdanek CC |
| Jan Ryk | Kurow, Feb. 11, 1917 | ? | Later fought with Alexander Skotnicki's AL forces |
| Dora Wassersztrum (Wasserstrom) | Markuszow, 1926 | Died in Argentina? | Married name Zyngel/Cingel |
| Natan Westelsznajder (Westschneider) | Markuszow, 1923 | Israel | |
| Pinkus Ziskind*** | Dubno, 1912 | Died in 1976 in Israel | Photo available; later fought with the Armia Ludowa |
| Shimon (unknown) | ? | Kfar Saba, Israel | |
| unknown Tzigan (Cygan)*** | ? | Murdered Feb. 4, 1944 at Pryszczowa Gora | Nickname of an escaped POW from Lipowa 7 |
| Mietek (Kozietulski) Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Boris Dov Berezin*** | Niedzwiedzica, 1915 | Israel | aka Mikolai Berezin; photo available; testimony available (in Yiddish) |
| Mark Marian Dworecki (Dvaretsky)*** | ? | Died 1945-1947 in Germany | Photo available; was in charge of making bombs |
| Stefan Finkiel*** | Lithuania, 1915 | Died in 1996 in Hollywood, Florida | Photos available; changed his name to Sam Finkel |
| Roman Fiszer*** | Warsaw? | Died in Tel Aviv, Israel | Married a woman named Tzesia; fought in the Warsaw Ghetto |
| Szymon Fuhrman*** | Piaski, 1911 | Killed by accident 1943-1944 | An escaped POW from Lipowa 7 |
| Aron Gotz*** | Lwow?, June 2, 1918 | Died in March, 1972 in St. Louis, Missouri | Photo available |
| Shmuel Mietec Gruber***, commander | Pidhaitsi (Podhajce), 1913 | Died in 2006 in New York | Changed his name to Samuel Gruber; video testimony available |
| Adam Halpern ||| | Warsaw, 1918 | Israel | Photo available |
| Berko or Josef Kaganowicz*** | ~1916 | Murdered before 1943 | |
| Pejsach "Geniek" Lipman*** | Oct. 10, 1907 | Murdered | |
| Jusiek Jerzy Marcinek | Markuszow area | France | Fought with "the Cossaks" of Markuszow |
| Boris Matros*** | 1917 | Murdered in 1944 | |
| Jusek Piasecki (Pisacki) | Bystrzejowice | Murdered in 1945 | Fought with "the Cossaks" of Markuszow |
| Itka Rok ||| | Warsaw | ? | Had a 6 year old son named David |
| Janek Jankiel Rok ||| | Warsaw, 1918 | Israel | |
| Josef Rok ||| | Warsaw, 1914 | Israel | |
| Wladek Zeev Rak ||| | Warsaw, June 1, 1923 | Israel | aka Moshe Rok; photo available |
| Dawid Sajfert*** | Brzezany, 1912 | Murdered 1943-1945 | Photo available |
| Haim Henryk Schongot*** | Chocznia, 1914 | Murdered ~1943 | |
| Jankiel Waingarten*** | Ostrolenka, 1907 | Murdered in March, 1944 | Photo available |
| Vladimir Wolodia Walach | ? | Murdered | |
| Shlomo Wallach*** | Pidvolochysk, 1912 | Murdered in 1944 | Photo available |
| Fabian Wladyslaw Wolstein*** | 1917 | Israel | Photo available; previously imprisoned at Altengrabow |
| Hanka Zelman ||| | Warsaw, 1924 | Tel Aviv, Israel | |
| Andreiov or Andrejow*** | ? | Murdered in 1943-1944 | An escaped POW from Lipowa 7 |
| (unknown) Maczin*** | ? | Likely murdered | An escaped POW from Lipowa 7 |
| Wlodawa Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chaim Ajzen | Hrubieszow, 1923 | Australia | Changed his name to Henry Steel; photo available; testimony available; later fought with the Molotova partisans |
| Chaim Barbanel | Wlodawa | Murdered in 1944 in Maryanka by AK | |
| Chanina Barbanel | Marianka, 1922 | New Jersey | Changed his name to Henry Barbanel; photos available; testimony available |
| Chanche Barbanel | Wlodawa | SURVIVED | |
| Gedalia "Geniek" Barbanel | Wlodawa, 1926 | Hadera, Israel | |
| Motel Barbanel | Wlodawa, 1907 | Died in 1991 in USA | Rachmiel Barbanel's brother |
| Shimon "Sam" Barbanel | Marianka, 1918 | Massachusetts | Nicknamed Simcha from Marianka; Photo available |
| Yankel Barbanel (()) | Dubeczno, 1925 | Los Angeles | Changed his name to Jack Barbanel; nicknamed "Vuyo"; Photo available |
| Yosel Barbanel | Marianka | Murdered in 1943-1945 | Brother of Simcha and Chanina; their father was Rachmiel |
| Bollek Beckerman | Wlodawa, 1924 | Died in 2013 in Florida | Changed his name to Bob Becker |
| Asalke "Ilke" Borensztejn | Wlodawa | Murdered in 1943 | |
| Chaske Broisblat | Wlodawa, 1925 | Florida | testimony available |
| Dawid Cin | |||
| Dawid Citrin | |||
| Hershel Citrin | |||
| Moshe Joel Citrin | |||
| Moshe Cyn | |||
| Nasan Cyn | |||
| Majer Deresz | Died in Germany | ||
| Szymon Erlich | |||
| Moshe Farbman | |||
| Mishke Feldman | |||
| Isralke Srulke Fiszman / Fiszbein | |||
| Chaim Fiszman (()) | |||
| Josef Freitag | Died in New York | ||
| Manya Friedman | Warsaw | Killed | photo availabe |
| Shmuel Friedman | |||
| Samek Sasha Ganz | Died in Israel | testimony available | |
| Lovka Leon Gilderman | Died in Israel | Changed his name to Leon Czarnobrodzki | |
| Srulka Glincman | Wlodawa, 1910 | Died in Lakewood, New Jersey | |
| Yankele Glincman | Wlodwa, 1928 | Died in New York | |
| Yusha Glincman | Wlodawa, 1910 | Died in Canada | |
| Mordko Grunwald | |||
| Chaim Hindel | |||
| Bolek Huberman | Lived in Frankfurt, Germany | ||
| Zeev Wolf Jungsztajn | Killed | ||
| Josef Kahan | Died in Toronto, Canada | ||
| David Knopfmacher | |||
| Michael Knopfmacher | Died in Israel | testimony available | |
| Pesia Kreis Knopfmacher | Died in Israel | ||
| Nachem Knopfmacher | |||
| Nuchem Knopfmacher | |||
| Aron Kot | |||
| Chawa Kot | Killed | ||
| Chuna Kot | |||
| Lejb Kot | Died in Israel | ||
| Abraham Lebenbaum | |||
| Avigdor Lederman | |||
| Srulke Lederman | |||
| Yankele Lederman | |||
| Leon Lemberger Lukowski | Israel | ||
| Shlomo Lemberger | |||
| Moshe Lichtenberg, leader | Killed | ||
| Sam Lustigman | |||
| Leonid Leon Nemzer, co-leader | Lithuania? | Killed | |
| Abram "Abie" Pomeranc | |||
| Cyla Pomeranc | Died in New York | testimony available | |
| Henka Pomeranc | |||
| Jurek Pomeranc | |||
| Szija Pomeranc | |||
| Motel Rabinowitz | Killed | ||
| Jankiel Rolnik | |||
| Motel Rozenberg (()), co-leader | Killed | ||
| Fajga Rosenblum | |||
| Mendel Rosenblum | |||
| Zelik Rosenblum | |||
| Isaac Rotenberg* | 1925, Wlodawa | Killed in Israel in 1994 by Palestinian terrorist Abu-Musa Salam Ali Atia | |
| Israel Rotenberg | Killed | photo available | |
| Greta Borger Rotstein | 1921, Zywiec | Died in Israel | testimony available |
| Israel Moshe Rotstein | |||
| Abram Szeftel | |||
| Pinkas Szeftel (Sheftel) | |||
| Sasha Shienko (()) | Died in Israel | testimony available | |
| Moszek Spiwak*** (()) | |||
| Leon Szporer | Died in Montreal, Canada | ||
| Widgdor Szporer | Died in Montreal, Canada | ||
| Szmuel Sztul | |||
| Tema Kreis Turkienec (()) | Died in Israel | ||
| Bebale Wajsman (()) | Killed | ||
| Chaim Wajsman (()) | photo available | ||
| Chaim Wolf/Wulf*** | |||
| Ludwik Wurcelman | Lukow, 1925 | Died in New York | Later fought with the Molotova partisans |
| Hershel Zimmerman/Cymerman | Gorzkow | Died in New Jersey | testimony available |
| Isa Zylbersztejn | |||
| Moshe the Butcher | Wlodawa | photo available | |
| Pearl from Hola | Hola | Killed | |
| Tuvia from Kalisz | |||
| Vashka the Russian |
| Holod Battalion #2 (Chil) Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jakob Ajnspan | Wlodawa | Brazil? | |
| Hannah Berkowitz@ | Skorodnica, Oct. 10, 1910 | Florida | Testimony available |
| Hershel Berkowitz@ | Skorodnica | Florida | Photo available |
| Shaindel "Sonia" Bernhard | Komarowka Podlaska | Canada | Became Sonia Wajstaub |
| Szymek Bernhard (Berhardt) | Komarowka Podlaska, Nov. 20, 1924 | Winnipeg, Canada | Changed his name to Simon Berchard |
| Chaim Eliezar Blumenkranz | ? | Murdered | |
| Abraham Cholomski | Zaliszcze | New York | |
| Chancia Cholomski | Zaliszcze | ? | |
| Rostka Duman Cholomski@ | Zaliszcze | New York | Became Rose Holm; photo available |
| Yurek Cholomsky@ | Zaliszcze | Died in 2003 in New York | Changed his name to Joe Holm; photos available |
| Abram Cukier | Yekaterinburg, 1920 | USA? | |
| Josef Jusiek Cynowiec*** | Pinsk, 1916 | Haifa, Israel | Married a Jewish partisan named Irka |
| Abram Czarny*** | Lachowicze, 1915 | Likely murdered | Photo available |
| Berko Ekhauz (Eckhauz) | Parczew | Murdered | |
| Boruch "Butchke" Elbaum | Parczew, 1901 | Died in Sweden | Occupation: surgeon |
| Edek Elbaum | Parczew, 1916 | Sweden | Also called Ela Elbaum |
| Chaim Engel* | Lodz/Brudzew, 1916 | Died in 2003 in Branford, CT | Video testimony available |
| Marcus Erdepel | Konskowola, 1910 | Died in 1973 in Israel | aka Mordechai Erdepel; photo available |
| Andre Etman | Parczew, Sept. 2, 1935 | New York | Testimony available |
| Judka Yehuda Fajgenbaum | 1927 | Rishon Le Tzion, Israel | Photo available |
| Chaim Lonka Feferkorn@ | Parczew, 1921 | Israel | Photos available |
| Ada Fiszer* | Jaroslaw/Wieliczka, Jan. 1, 1915 | Israel | Married Jitschak Lichtman; photo available; testimony available |
| David Fridman (()) | Sosnowica | Died in USA | Nicknamed "David the Tall One from Sosnowica" |
| Fajga Zipora Frydman | Parczew, ~1930 | Israel | Became Zipora Koren; Photo available |
| Ignacy Yitzchak Frymer | Lublin, 1908 | Died 1977 in Germany | |
| Hilda Gimpel | Izbica Kujowska, 1917 | Los Angeles, CA | Became Hilda Eisen; photo available; testimony available |
| Leon Laib Giterman*** | Lutowiska, Nov. 16, 1914 | Israel? | Photo available |
| Jakub Glazer | 1914 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Kitty "Cathy" Gokkes* | The Hague, 1925 | Died of typhus on Sept. 20, 1944 | Called Cathy; tall with red hair; Was with Ursula Stern and Ada Lichtman after Sobibor escape |
| Wladek Mordechai Goldfarb* | Piaski Luterskie, March 15, 1920 | Died June 8, 1984 in Haifa, Israel | Photos available |
| Dawid Goldberg | ? | Alive in 1944 | |
| Zygmunt Zalman Goldman | Parczew, 1915 | Died in Tel Aviv | |
| Sam Goldwasser@ | Parczew, 1926 | Montreal, Canada | Nicknamed "Polimiot"; photos available |
| Leon Greenblatt Grimblovsky | Stary Orzechow | Israel | Photo available; testimony available (in Hebrew) |
| Abram Grynszpan@ | Sosnowica, 1913 | Brazil | Photo available |
| Dora Lask Grynszpan@ | Lodz, Jan. 20, 1922 | Brazil | Photo available; testimony available |
| Yechiel "Chil" Grynszpan@, commander | Sosnowica, July 6, 1916 | Brazil | Photos available; testimony available |
| Aryeh Helfgot*** | Wielun, 1916 | Israel | Leader of partisan group of eight fighters |
| Mietek Himelblat (Kimmelblat) | Lublin?, 1906 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Ella Hipszman | Warsaw, Dec. 8, 1932 | Massachusetts | Testimony available |
| Yankel Jakob Holender | Wlodawa | SURVIVED | |
| Josef Honigsblum | Lubartow/Lublin, 1916 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Srul Jakubowicz | Wielun? | Israel? | |
| Aron Kodenzak | Nowy Orzechow | Murdered in 1943 near Glebokie | |
| Itzhak Korn | Parczew/Ostrow Lubelski | Murdered | |
| Sucha Korn | Parczew | Died in Israel | |
| Zalman Korn | Parczew, 1919 | Murdered in 1945 near Lodz by AK | Called Zalman from Parczew |
| Moshe Krochmal | Kodeniec | Murdered in 1943 near Glebokie | |
| Akiba Kuperman | Parczew, 1914 | Israel | Photo available |
| Jankiel Kupersztajn (Kupersztejn) | Parczew, 1911 | Israel | |
| Lejb Kupersztajn | Parczew | Israel | |
| Shmuel Kupersztajn | Holowno | Israel | |
| Yehuda "Leon" Lerner* | Warsaw, 1926 | Died Dec. 7, 2007 in Israel | Nicknamed "Atleta"; photos available; Was with Boris Taborinski & Mordechai Goldfarb after Sobibor escape |
| Icek Lerer | 1926 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Simcha Lewinson | Sosnowica | Murdered | |
| Eliyahu Liberman | Parczew | Israel | Also called Elias Liberman |
| Itzchak Lichtman* | Zolkiewka, Dec. 10, 1908 | Israel | Photos available |
| Velval "Wladek" Litwak@ | Sosnowica, 1923 | Brazil | aka Zeev Litwak; nicknamed Velvale the Patzan^; Photos and testimony available |
| Aslek? Margulies* | Zyrardow, 1921 | Died in 1984 in Israel | aka Abraham Margulies; photo available |
| Abraham Milech | Parczew, 1917 | Canada | |
| David Milech | Parczew, 1928 | Died in 2002 in Canada | |
| Moshe Milech | Parczew | Canada | |
| Abraham Miller | Lublin? | Netanya, Israel | Fought with Skotnicki's AL forces |
| Cypora Miller@ | Holowno?, 1922 | Israel? | |
| Genia Milsztajn (Millstein) | Lublin, 1919 | Israel? | |
| Junak Milsztajn (Millstein) | Serock, 1925 | Israel | aka Yehuda Millstein; photo available |
| Nahum Plotnicki* | Belarus, 1913 | Died in Israel | Photos available; changed his name to Chaim Plotnikow |
| Josef Pankenfeld | ? | France? | |
| Szaja Prikam@ | 1915 | Israel? | |
| Irena Rubinek (Robanek) | 1923 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Josef Yefim Rolnik | Kharkov, Jan. 15, 1915 | Florida | Photos available; testimony available; cousin of Yankel from Kodeniec |
| Sewer Rosen (Rozen) | Kurow, 1922 | Died in Raciborz, Poland | |
| Hershel Rubenstein (Rubensztejn) ||| @ | Warsaw | Murdered in 1944-1945 | Communist activist; nicknamed "Commisar" |
| Josef Rubin | Parczew, Sept. 25, 1930 | Florida | Testimony available |
| Abram Rubinstein | Zahajki, 1927-1930 | Detroit | Photo available; nicknamed Abram the Patzan^ |
| Bronislawa Rubinstein | Wlodawa, Jan. 27, 1927 | Died in 2013 in Los Angeles | Became Bronia Rubinstein; married Sol |
| Dudkin Dawid Rubinstein | Zahajki (Zahaika), 1919 | Detroit | Changed his name to David Russell |
| Itzik Rubinstein | Zahajki | Murdered? | |
| Kerlow Rubinstein | Zahajki | Died in Detroit, Michigan | |
| Lewek Rubinstein | Zahajki, 1922 | Murdered? | |
| Szlema "Senka" Rubinstein | Zahajki, Jun. 26, 1915 | Died in 2011 in in Los Angeles | Changed his name to Sol Rubinstein |
| Josef Ruchelsman (Reishelsman) | Jlawa/Olsztyn, 1915 | Israel? | |
| Orsula Stern-Buchheim* | Essen, Aug. 28, 1928 | Died in 1985 in Ashdod, Israel | Became Ilana Safran; photos available |
| Itsak Suchowolski | Parczew, Oct. 5, 1922 | Died Sept., 2010 in Illinois | Changed his name to Irving Wolsk; testimony available |
| Berek Bernard Szwarc (Schwartz)*** | Russia, 1903 | Murdered | Photo available |
| Szloma Szwarcz | Hrubieszow, 1923 | Israel | |
| Chaim Schiefenbauer | Lwow, 1917 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Boris Taborinsky* | Slonim, 1917 | Russia or Israel | Later joined Soviet partisans |
| David Tempy | Parczew, 1904 | Murdered in 1946 in Parczew | |
| Mindla Torbiner | May 16, 1916 | Died in 2005 in Canada | Became Mindel Shupak |
| Israel "Srulke" Trager* | Chelm, 1906 | Died in 1969 in Israel | Photos available here and here |
| Mendel Turbiner (Torbiner) | Parczew?, 1915 | Murdered in 1946 in Parczew | |
| Reuven Turbiner | Sosnowica | Murdered in 1943 near Glebokie | |
| Henrik Wajnsztajn | Hlohovec, 1925 | Alive in 1944 | Sent from Novaky Camp to Lublin region, 3/22/1942 |
| Ita Wertman | 1910 | Alive in 1944 | |
| Selma Wijnberg* | Zwolle, May 15, 1922 | Branford, CT | Became Selma Engel; photos available |
| Abram Winderbaum | Lomazy, May 8, 1923 | Florida | Changed his name to Adam Winder; video testimony available; later fought with Skotniki's AL forces |
| Lyowa Zitzman | Parczew | Israel | aka Leon Zitzman; photos available |
| Abram Zisman (Zysman) | Parczew, 1903 | Murdered in 1946 in Parczew | Nicknamed Abram Bochian |
| Abram from Zmiarka | Zmiarka | Murdered in 1943 near Siedliszcze by AK | |
| Dennis from Sosnowica | Sosnowica | Murdered in 1943 near Siedliszcze by AK | |
| Donachy from Zahajki | Zahajki | Likely murdered | Nickname of a woman at the Tabor camp site |
| Eli from Parczew | Parczew | Israel? | |
| Harry from Warsaw | Warsaw | ? | |
| Shainche from Ostrow | Ostrow Lubelski | Died of illness in 1943 |
According to Jack Nusan Porter, who has studied the Soviet partisan movement, "If, as can probably be estimated, one in ten Soviet POWs avoided capture (by the Germans), then the total would come to more than 300,000 stragglers. The Soviet POWs became the backbone of the partisan movement (in the Soviet Union). Continues Porter, "For the Jew, no place was safe, but the forests were safer than the ghettos and the death camps. One of the greatest of all dangers to the partisans was the roving bands of Ukrainian nationalists, especially the Banderovtskys under fascist-nationalist Stepan Bandera." The number of Jews involved in the Soviet partisan units in Wolyn numbered around 1,600-1,800 persons.
| Soviet Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alek Abugov | Odessa, 1913 | Israel | Led the Abugov partisan unit |
| unknown Adler | Tarnogrod | ? | Fought in Kovpak's unit |
| Teodor Albrecht | Ukraine, 1912 |
| Armia Ludowa Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Staszek Bialek | ? | ? | Non-Jew |
| abc |
| Hrubieszow Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dawid Erlich | Grabowiec | Murdered | Photo available |
| Asher Frenkel | Warsaw, ~1915 | Murdered in 1942 in Hrubieszow | Photo available |
| Chaim Haus (Hausz) | Warsaw, 1920 | Murdered in 1944 at Majdanek | Photo available |
| Israel Kampner | Kalisz, 1923 | Murdered near Hrubieszow | |
| Felek Langleben | Warsaw | Murdered near Zamosc | Photo available |
| Yitzhak Nozyce | Warsaw, ~1920 | Murdered September 1942 | Photo available |
| Henryk Jechiel Rozen | ? | Murdered near Hrubieszow | |
| Moshe Szabszyk | Warsaw | Murdered at Sobibor | Photo available |
| Chewja Wicer | Hrubieszow | Murdered in route to base in Werbkowice | |
| Israel Zelcer | Zdolbunov, 1913 | Executed in September, 1942 | |
| Julek Brandt | Hrubieszow | Murdered ~1943 |
| Hrubieszow Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chaim Ajzen | Hrubieszow, 1923 | Australia | wrote a book; see: Wlodawa partisans |
| Berl Babat | Zamosc | ||
| Shmuel Becker | Hrubieszow | ||
| Berel Blum | Tomaszow Lubelski | ||
| Shlomo Boden | Chelm | Murdered | |
| Shlomo Brandt | Hrubieszow | ||
| Simcha Estig/Ajstig | Grabowiec | Murdered | |
| Froim Farber | Szczebreszyn | Israel | |
| Kalman Firszt | Hrubieszow | ||
| Moshe Micflikier | Chelm | ||
| Lolek Perec | |||
| Zindel Rajwer/Reiver | Szczebreszyn | Murdered | |
| Malka Rub | Grabowiec | Murdered | |
| Chana Szyszler | Grabowiec | Murdered | |
| Shifra Szyszler | Grabowiec | Murdered | |
| Israel Wajs |
| Hrubieszow Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bertold Dobrin | Germany, 1897 | Murdered Nov. 4, 1943 at Poniatowa | Photo available |
| Saul Dobuchna | Warsaw, 1923 | Murdered September 1942 | Photo available |
| Yitzhak Dobuchno | Warsaw | Murdered | |
| Abraham Finkelstein | Warsaw, 1920 | Murdered near Hrubieszow | |
| Chavka Folman | Kielce, 1924 | Died in Israel | Photos available |
| Aron Frumer | Hrubieszow, 1920 | Murdered May 5, 1942 in Hrubieszow | |
| Gedalia Gershuni | Bialystok, 1914 | Murdered August 1942 | Photo available |
| Jakub Jankiel Kac | Mogielnica, 1917 | Murdered | |
| Franka Kirszenbojm | Hrubieszow | Murdered in 1942 | |
| Dina Lewin | Lodz, 1923 | Murdered near Hrubieszow | |
| Ida Malkin ||| | ? | Murdered in 1943-1946 | |
| Yochanan Morgensztern | Zamosc, 1905 | Murdered May 6, 1943 in Warsaw | Photos available |
| Frumka Plotnicka | ~1914 | Murdered on Aug. 3, 1943 in Bedzin | Photo available |
| Moniek Ringwirc (Rajngiewerc) | Radomsk, 1916 | Murdered in fall, 1942 in Hrubieszow | Photo available; his girlfriend was Pesia Furmanowicz |
| Moshe Rubinczyk (Rubentshik) | Belarus, 1914 | Murdered Sept. 3, 1942 | Photo available |
| Ruth Szklar | Warsaw, ~1923 | Murdered near Hrubieszow | Photo available |
| Soviet Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pinchas Akerman | Bychawa | Israel | |
| Umer Adamanov | |||
| Bron Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Berish Berman | Studzianki | Likely survived | aka Bolek Berman |
| Hillel Borenstein | Annopol, 1921 | Ontario, Canada | |
| Manes Brafman | Krasnik | Israel | |
| Ester Brand | Krasnik area | Brazil | Became Esther Sztamfater; family camp |
| Abraham "Adolf" Bron | Krasnik, 1902 | Died in 1983 in Brazil | Photo available |
| Hersz Brones (Bronze) | Krasnik, 1908 | Israel | Photo available |
| Hersz Broner | Krasnik, 1932 | Survived | Age 11 |
| Abraham Bursztyn | Studzianki | Bronx, NY | |
| Mordko Marian Grynbaum Burstzyn |
Blinow, 1922 | Died in 2004 in Brazil | Photo available; Escaped from Janiszow Labor Camp |
| Daniel Datum | Krasnik, 1917 | Brazil | Testimony available |
| Zvi Datum | Krasnik, 1921 | Brazil | Testimony available |
| Yosef Elbaum | Trzydnik | ? | |
| Avraham Fogel | Weglinek | ? | |
| Eli Fiszman | Rachow, 1928 | New York | Also spelled: Ely Fishman |
| Yaakov Farber | Krasnik, 1901? | Israel | |
| Josef Greizman | Modliborzyce | Israel | |
| Shmuel Gringold | Szastarka | Survived | "Shimek from Szastarka" |
| Szija Gutwein1912 | ? | Brooklyn, NY, USA | |
| Yosef Karfer | Zarzecze | ? | |
| Yehoshua Kleinman | Lublin, 1923 | Murdered | |
| P. Kristal | ? | Israel | |
| Zalman Lederfejn | 1901 | Died 1992 in Israel | |
| (unknown) Met | Grojec | ? | |
| Reuven Pintele | Zalucze | Murdered ~1942 | Rescued Jews from the Janiszow labor camp |
| Yehoshua Pintel | Trzydnik | Murdered ~1943 | |
| (unknown) Prohor or Prochors | Russia | ? | Non-Jew |
| (unknown) Rubinsztajn | Deblin | ? | |
| Leon Schor | Mielec, 1934 | New York | Testimony available |
| Abe Spiwak/Spievak | Modliborzyce | New Jersey, USA | |
| Shlomo Zysmelech (Zysmilch) | Tarnogrod | Israel | |
| Adek from Potok | Potok | Murdered in 1945 | |
| Avram from Chrzanow | Chrzanow | ? |
| Radzyn Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moshe Agmon | Radzyn Podlaski | ||
| Icek Klajnman, leader | Murdered in 1942 | ||
| Lejb Lew, co-leader | Murdered in 1943 | ||
| Avrum Pantszek | |||
| Berel Ponczek | |||
| Fajga Ponczek | Abt. 1930, Radzyn Podlaski | ||
| Gershon Henoch Ponczek | Leader of Poale Zion in Radzyn | ||
| Lejzor Panczek, co-leader | Murdered in 1942 | ||
| Hersh Panczek | |||
| Tziva Panczek | |||
| Yaakov Ponczek | |||
| unknown Tunkelszwarcz |
| Miscellaneous Lublin Partisans - Name | Birth data | After the war | Additional notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ludka Arbetsman | |||
| Froim Glajchman | |||
| Jakob Klapper | |||
| Mordko Szlajcher |
Symbol Guide (Legend)
* Escapee from the Sobibor Death Camp.
||| Escapee from the Warsaw Ghetto.
*** Escapee from Lipowa Street Camp, Lublin.
(()) Escapee from Adampol Labor Camp near Wlodawa.
@ Grynszpan group but combined with the Wlodawans (Lichtenberg group).
^ Note: "Patzan" was a nickname signifying a small person.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES:
BOOKS:
- Azoy iz es geven (The Way It Was, Yiddish), Buenos Aires, 1948 by Jonas Turkow.
- Chaim Ajzen Remembers by Henry Steel
- I Chose Life by Samuel Gruber
- Codename Barber: The Story of Partisan Mischa Stahlhammer by Semmy Stahlhammer
- Die Numen Is -- Folk by Shmuel Persov
- Escape from Sobibor by Richard Raschke
- Fighting Back: A Memoir of Jewish Resistance in WWII by Harold Werner
- From the Ashes of Sobibor: A Story of Survival by Thomas Toivi Blatt
- Fugitives of the Forest: Heroic Stories of Resistance & Survival in WWII by Gerald Levine
- Holocaust Journey: Traveling in Search of the Past by Martin Gilbert
- Hurbn un gvure fun shtetl Markuszow (Destruction and Heroism, Town of Markuszow). Yiddish. Tel Aviv, 1955.
- Jewish Resistance in Nazi-Occupied Eastern Europe by Reuben Ainsztein
- Imferno em Sobibor/Portuguese (Hell in Sobibor) by Stanislaw Szmajzner
- Labor Camps and Communities in the Lublin District
- The Ludmilowka Pogrom
- Martyrdom and Revolt. Documents and Testimonies by Miriam Novitch, New York, 1980.
.. Includes several testimonies from Sobibor uprising survivors who fought as partisans.
- Pogaduszki: The memoirs of Stanislaw Sierpinski. Haifa, 2005. In Polish.
- The Precarious Liberation of the Janiszow Forced Labor Camp
- Promise at Sobibor: A Jewish Boy's Story of Revolt by Fiszel Bialowitz
- Rather Die Fighting: A Memoir of WWII by Frank Blaichman
- Reluctant Soldier: A Jewish Partisan's Story by Jakob Friedman
- The Reminiscences of Dov Berezinby Mikolai Berezin
- Sobibor: Martyrdom and Revolt by Miriam Novitch. Holocaust Library, 1980.
- To Sobibor and Back: An Eyewitness Account by Kalman Wewryk
- Spotkanie z ziemia by Leon Bielski. Ksiazka i Wiedza. Warsaw, 1965.
- Story of a Secret State: My Report to the World by Jan Karski
- Szmul Zygielbojm: Profile of Partisan Hero by Ronald Cohn and Jesse Russel
- They Were Many by Binyamin West
- They Fought Back by Yuri Suhl
- Through Forests and Pathways by Sanel Rozenson
- The Undefeated by Shiye Goldberg
- The Wars of the Jewish Partisans in Eastern Europe by Moshe Kaganovitch
- War of the Doomed: Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942-1944 by Shmuel Krakowski
- The Witch Doctor: Memoirs of a Partisan by Dr. Michael Temchin
ARTICLES:
- About Jewish Partisan Frank Blaichman
- Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism; pps. 48-51 discuss partisan children in
.. the Lublin Forests
- Fate of Some of the Sobibor Survivors (see also: Sobibor Remembrance Project)
- From a Prisoner's Camp to a Partisan Troop by Alufi and Barkeli in "Aishishuk", pages 77-78.
.. Profile of partisan Mordechai Glebocki, aka Shneor Glembotzky.
- Iberlebungen fun a Veloner Krigsgefangenen in Sefer Zikaron le-Kehillat Wielun.
.. Tel Aviv, 1971, pp. 380-384. Testimony of Aryeh Lejb Helfgot.
- Jewish Revolts and Uprisings in the Lublin District
- Long Valley Man's Memoir Tells Heroic Life of Partisan
- "The Polish Underground and the Jews: A Reassessment of Home Army Commander Tadeusz Bor-
.. Komorowski's Order 116 Against Banditry" by John Lowell Armstrong. Cites the testimony of Krasnik
.. partisan Hersz Broner. The Slavonic and East European Review 72, no. 2 (April 1994): 273.
- Rescue of Jews from the Wlodawa Ghetto
- Rise and Fall of Wlodawa - from the Yizkor Book
- Russian Jews and the Sobibor Escape
- Sobibor Survivors' Testimonies (see also: Sobibor Remembrance Project)
- Understanding the Polish Obsession with Salomon Morel
FILMS:
- Belzec Survivor Braha Rauffmann
- Escape from Sobibor
- Poland, Personally: Featuring Michael Kaftori, Wlodawa Partisan
- Profile of survivors Blaichman and Gruber
- Shmuel Mietek Gruber Video Testimony
- Tribute Video to Cesia and Frank Blaichman & Rose and Joe Holm
OTHER LINKS:
- Definitions of Important Terms Related to Jewish Partisans
- Lasting Memory Foundation: Lublin District Commemorations
- Betar Partisans in Hrubieszow
- Hersh Zimmerman's Holocaust Resistance
- Chaim Ajzen's Holocaust Resistance
- In Defense of Salomon Morel
- Polish Resistance Movements and the Jews
 |
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